Humboldt’s Enigma
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
- Humboldt’s enigma is one of many puzzles of mountain biodiversity.
About
- The world’s tropical areas receive more energy from the Sun and have greater primary productivity, which facilitates greater biological diversity.
- Alexander von Humboldt, has observed that mountains contribute disproportionately to the terrestrial biodiversity of Earth, especially in the tropics, where they host hotspots of extraordinary and puzzling richness.
What is Humboldt’s enigma?
- Humboldt’s enigma held that the earth’s tropical areas don’t contain all the biodiverse regions. There are many areas outside the tropics that are highly biodiverse. These places are mountains.
- There is a relationship between temperature, altitude, and humidity on one hand and the occurrence patterns of species (or their biodiversity) on the other.
Indian Scenario
- In the case of India the biodiversity in tropical areas, south of the Tropic of Cancer are supposed to be the most diverse in the country.
- The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot lies in this zone.
- However, the Eastern Himalayas are much more diverse. The area is often considered the second-most diverse area of perching birds in the world.
Reasons of high biodiversity in mountain range
- Geological processes, like uplifts, result in new habitats where new species arise, so the habitats are ‘cradles’.
- Species on some climatologically stable mountains persist there for a long time, so these spots are ‘museums’ that accumulate many such species over time.
- The more heterogeneous the geological composition of mountains is, the more biodiverse they are.
Examples of Humboldt’s enigma
- Coastal tropical sky islands (mountains surrounded by lowlands), like the Shola Sky Islands in the Western Ghats.
- Here, old lineages have persisted on the mountain tops as climates and habitats fluctuated around them in the lower elevations.
- The oldest bird species in the Western Ghats, such as the Sholicola and the Montecincla, are housed on the Shola Sky Islands.
- The northern Andes range in South America is considered the most biodiverse place in the world.
- Different temperatures and rainfall levels support tropical evergreen biomes in the lower elevation to the alpine and tundra biomes near the top.
Source: TH
Large Multi-Modal Models (LMMs) in Healthcare
Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology
In Context
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has released comprehensive guidance on the ethical use and governance of large multi-modal models (LMMs) in healthcare.
About Large Multi-Modal Models (LMMs)
- Large multi-modal models refer to advanced artificial intelligence models that are capable of processing and understanding multiple types of data modalities, such as text, images, audio, and possibly others.
- LMMs are known for their ability to mimic human communication and perform tasks without explicit programming.
- Platforms like ChatGPT, Bard and Bert have become household names since their introduction only last year.
- Five Broad Applications of LMMs in Healthcare:
- Diagnosis and clinical care, such as responding to patients’ written queries;
- patient-guided use for investigating symptoms and treatments;
- clerical and administrative tasks in electronic health records;
- medical and nursing education with simulated patient encounters;
- and scientific research and drug development.
- Concerns with the Use of LMMs in Healthcare:
- LMMs pose risks, including the generation of false, inaccurate statements, which could misguide health decisions.
- The data used to train these models can suffer from quality or bias issues, potentially perpetuating disparities based on race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity or age.
- Cybersecurity concerns given the sensitivity of patient’s information involved.
- LLMs can be misused to generate and disseminate highly convincing disinformation in the form of text, audio or video content that is difficult for the public to differentiate from reliable health content.
Key Recommendations for Government:
- Investing in public infrastructure, like computing power and public datasets, that adhere to ethical principles.
- Using laws and regulations to ensure LMMs meet ethical obligations and human rights standards.
- Introducing mandatory post-release audits and impact assessments.
- Developers are advised to engage a wide range of stakeholders, including potential users and healthcare professionals, from the early stages of AI development.
- It also recommends designing LMMs for well-defined tasks with necessary accuracy and understanding potential secondary outcomes.
- Policy-makers should ensure patient safety and protection while technology firms work to commercialise LLMs.
Conclusion
- WHO’s new guidance offers a roadmap for harnessing the power of LMMs in healthcare while navigating their complexities and ethical considerations.
- This initiative marks a significant step towards ensuring that AI technologies serve the public interest, particularly in the health sector.
Source: DTE
Disruptions to Global Trade Sea Routes
Syllabus: GS3/Economy
In Context
- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has raised alarms on escalating disruptions to global trade due to the geopolitical tensions and climate change affecting the world’s key trade routes.
Waterways
- Waterways are the most suitable and cheapest for international trade.
- International trade is carried out through ports and harbours which are connected with hinterlands through railways, roads or inland waterways.
- It can be classified as national and international transportation.
- The water transport can be divided into two parts: Inland water transport and Ocean water transport.
Major Choke Points in International Trade Sea Route
- Strait of Hormuz: Located between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, the Strait of Hormuz is a crucial passage for oil shipments from the Middle East.
- A significant portion of the world’s oil supply passes through this choke point.
- Malacca Strait: Situated between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, the Malacca Strait is one of the busiest waterways globally.
- It connects the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, making it a key route for trade between Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia.
- Suez Canal: Connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, the Suez Canal is a vital shortcut for ships traveling between Europe and Asia.
- It significantly reduces the travel distance and time compared to the alternative route around the southern tip of Africa.
- Panama Canal: Linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Panama Canal is crucial for maritime trade between the Americas, Europe, and Asia.
- It allows ships to bypass the lengthy and treacherous journey around the southern tip of South America.
- Taiwan Strait: Separating Taiwan from mainland China, the Taiwan Strait is essential for shipping in the East Asian region. It is a heavily trafficked waterway for goods moving between China, Taiwan, Japan, and other Asian nations.
Disruptions on Trade Routes
- Suez Canal: UNCTAD estimates that the weekly transits going through the Suez Canal decreased by 42% over the last two months.
- About 12 percent of global trade passes through the Suez Canal.
- Ships are now being forced to take the Cape of Good Hope route, which entails circumnavigating the entire African continent, it is now taking them 37–41 days to reach their destination as compared to 27 days through Suez Canal.
- Panama Canal: Simultaneously, the Panama Canal, a pivotal conduit for global trade, is grappling with diminished water levels, resulting in a staggering 36% reduction in total transits over the past month compared to a year ago.
- Panama Canal accounts for six percent of global trade.
- A vessel taking the Cape Horn route, instead of the Panama Canal, takes 18 additional days of travel time.
- The crisis in the Red Sea, marked by Houthi-led attacks disrupting shipping routes, has added another layer of complexity.
Implications
- Increase in Trade Cost: The cumulative effect of these disruptions translates into extended cargo travel distances, escalating trade costs, and a surge in greenhouse gas emissions from shipping having to travel greater distances and at greater speed.
- Avoiding the Suez and Panama Canal necessitates more days of shipping, resulting in increased expenses.
- Environmental Concerns: Additionally, ships are compelled to travel faster to compensate for detours, burning more fuel per mile and emitting more CO2, further exacerbating environmental concerns.
- Increases in Food and Energy Prices: Prolonged interruptions, particularly in container shipping, pose a direct threat to global supply chains, potentially leading to delayed deliveries and heightened costs.
- Energy prices are witnessing a surge as gas transits are discontinued, directly impacting energy supplies, especially in Europe.
- Impact on developing countries: Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to these disruptions.
Way Ahead
- The organization emphasizes the urgent need for swift adaptations from the shipping industry and robust international cooperation to navigate the rapid reshaping of global trade dynamics.
- The current challenges underscore trade’s vulnerability to geopolitical tensions and climate-related challenges, demanding collective efforts for sustainable solutions especially in support of countries more vulnerable to these shocks.
Source: UN
E Ink Displays
Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology
In Context
- E Ink display screen technology is used in reading devices like Kindle.
About
- E Ink displays are a special type of screen technology often used in e-readers like the Amazon Kindle.
- The technology was originally developed in the 1990s at MIT and is now owned by E Ink Corporation.
Technology Used
- The screens work using tiny microcapsules filled with positively charged white particles and negatively charged black ones suspended in fluid inside the display.
- By applying positive or negative electrical charges to different areas of the screen, the white or black particles can be made to rise to the surface, creating the text and images on the display.
Significance
- Unlike LCD and LED displays that use a backlight, E Ink displays reflect light – just like paper.
- This makes them easier on the eyes for long reading sessions.
- They also require very little power since they don’t need a backlight and only use energy when the image changes.
- The lack of backlighting also means that they are easier to read under brighter lighting conditions, which isn’t the case with LCD/LED displays at all – legibility actually takes a hit under bright sunlight.
| How Is E Ink Different from E Paper? – E Paper is a broad term for any display designed to mimic the appearance of real paper. – Meanwhile, E Ink is a specific type of E Paper display that uses millions of tiny microcapsules filled with positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. – An excellent example of a device with an E Paper display but not an E Ink display is the Pebble smartwatch. a. This gadget uses a low-power LCD with a reflective layer to look like paper, which is a very different implementation from E Ink. |
Source: IE
World’s First Successful ‘Rhino IVF’ Pregnancy
Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology, conservation
Context:
- Scientists have achieved the world’s first in-vitro fertilization (IVF) rhino pregnancy which has offered hope for saving the critically endangered northern white rhino subspecies from extinction.
What is In-vitro fertilization (IVF)?
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) that comprises a major technique for resolving infertility problems.
- It involves combining an egg and sperm outside the body to create an embryo, which is then transferred back into the woman’s uterus for implantation and pregnancy.
- Benefits in Livestocks: IVF in livestock offers several advantages, particularly in the multiplication of superior germplasm, which refers to the genetic material of animals that exhibit desirable traits such as high milk production, disease resistance, or other economically important characteristics.
White Rhinoceros
- Scientific Name: Ceratotherium simum
- Also known as the square-lipped rhinoceros, white rhinos have a square upper lip with almost no hair.
- Subspecies: The white rhinoceros includes two genetically distinct subspecies, northern and southern, found in two different regions in Africa.
- IUCN status:
- Northern White Rhino: Critically Endangered
- Southern White Rhino: Near Threatened
- Decline: Despite their name, white rhinos are actually grey, used to roam freely in several countries in east and central Africa, but their numbers fell sharply due to widespread poaching for their horns.
- The Indian rhinoceros is different from its African counterparts with respect to possessing only one horn and is vulnerable in the IUCN Red list.
Challenges and considerations
- IVF is a complex and expensive medical procedure.
- Multiple cycles may be required for success.
- Ethical considerations exist regarding embryo selection and disposal.
Source: TH
U.K. to ban vapes, control e-cigarettes aimed at children
Syllabus: GS2/ Health
Context:
- The British government is going to ban the sale of disposable vapes to prevent children from becoming addicted to nicotine.
About:
- It is currently illegal to sell vapes or tobacco to children under 18 in the U.K.
- But, youth vaping has tripled in the past three years in the country, and cheap, colourful disposable vapes are a key driver.
E-cigarettes
- E-cigarettes are electronic devices designed to simulate the act of smoking tobacco cigarettes.
- They are also called “e-cigs,” “vapes,” “e-hookahs,” “vape pens,” and “Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS).”
- Contain a heating element that vaporizes a liquid (e-liquid) which typically includes nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals.
- Come in various forms, including pens, mods, tanks, and pod systems.
- Vaping is the act of inhaling and exhaling the aerosol produced by an e-cigarette.
Associated Health Risks
- Addictive: Nicotine is highly addictive and can harm brain development, especially in adolescents.
- Nicotine is a chemical compound present in a tobacco plant and all tobacco products contain nicotine, including cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookah tobacco, and most e-cigarettes.
- Host of illnesses: The e-liquid contains various chemicals, some of which are known to be harmful, causing lung damage, respiratory illnesses, and heart problems.
- Heart attack risk: Study of 2018 found the use of e-cigarette daily was associated with a 79% increase in heart attack risk after other variables were taken into account.
- Carcinogenic: According to a white paper on e-cigarettes by the ICMR, depending on the battery output voltage used, nicotine solvents can release in varying amounts potential carcinogens such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acetone.
Regulations in India
- Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2019: It prohibits production, manufacture, import, export, transport, sale, distribution, storage and advertisement of e-cigarettes.
- Cigarettes Act, 1975: Tobacco control legislation in India dates back to the Cigarettes Act, 1975 which mandates the display of statutory health warnings in advertisements and on cartons and cigarette packages.
- Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (COTPA) Act 2003:
The comprehensive tobacco control legislation aims to provide smoke-free public places and also places restrictions on tobacco advertising and promotion.
- Tobacco Quitline Services: These toll-free quitline services (1800-112-356) were initiated in 2016 and were expanded in September 2018.
- These are now available in 16 languages and other local dialects from 4 centres.
- National Health Policy 2017: It sets an ambitious target of reducing tobacco use by 30 per cent by 2025, which has been devised keeping in view the targets for control of NCDs.
- WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): India has ratified the WHO convention.
Conclusion:
- The World Health Organization recommends comprehensive regulation of e-cigarettes, including bans on flavored products and advertising targeted at youth.
- The long-term health effects of vaping are still being studied, but research suggests it is not harmless.
Source: TH
News In Short
Default Bail
Syllabus:GS2/Polity
Context
- The Supreme Court set aside the default bail granted to Dewan Housing Finance Limited (DHFL) promoters in the case related to multi-crore loan scam.
What is default bail?
- Under Section 167(2) of The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, a Magistrate can order an accused person to be detained in the custody of the police for 15 days.
- Beyond the police custody period of 15 days, the Magistrate can authorize the detention of the accused person in judicial custody i.e., jail if necessary.
- However, the accused cannot be detained for more than:
- Ninety days, when an authority is investigating an offense punishable with death, life imprisonment or imprisonment for at least ten years; or
- Sixty days, when the authority is investigating any other offense.
- In this case, bail is granted because of the default of the investigating agency in not completing the investigation within the specified time, and it is referred to as ‘default bail’ or ‘compulsive bail’.
- After the period of ninety/sixty days, if the investigation has not been completed and charge-sheet not filed, the accused person has the right to be released on bail as long as he/she applies for bail and agrees to fulfill other bail conditions (such as providing the required bail amount).
Source: LIVE LAW
Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’
Syllabus: GS3/Security; Defense
Context:
- Recently, ‘SADA TANSEEQ’, a First Joint Military Exercise between India and Saudi Arabia inaugurated at Mahajan in Bikaner, Rajasthan.
About
- The exercise involved the Establishment of Mobile Vehicle Check Post, Cordon & Search Operation, House Intervention Drill, Reflex Shooting, Slithering and Sniper Firing.
- Participants: The Indian Army contingent is represented by a Battalion from the Brigade of the Guards (Mechanised Infantry).
- The Saudi Arabian contingent is being represented by the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
- Objectives: To train troops of both sides for joint operations in semi-desert terrain under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
- It aims to act as a platform to achieve shared security objectives, enhance the level of defence cooperation
Source: PIB
